Many cities maintain a guiding development plan for roads within the city limits. It is usually referred to as a thoroughfare plan. If a city has such a plan it will detail the current plans (size, and future connections to other streets) for all roads in the city.
Counties also may have thoroughfare plans. They will describe the county's projected use of the roads under their jurisdiction.
Like land use plans, thoroughfare plans are not permanent plans. They may be amended by the city as the city develops. However, they do provide a good idea of what city/county planners see as the future. It is up to you to evaluate if you want your home placed near or on a particular road.
Thoroughfare plans can be obtained at city hall or the county seat.